No sources required unless quoting. No page minimum, based on word count. The following are copied and pasted instructions and questions. Instructions: Answer each of the 5 questions with brief essays between 300 and 500 words in length for each essay (1500 – 2500 words total). Questions are worth 15 points each (75 points total). Use critical thinking in providing your answers and provide historical context for each of your answers. The exam is open book except that there is no book. You may use any resource including those provided on the Canvas site (articles, videos, transcripts of videos, optional readings) and anything from the library or other research sources. If you use brief quotes from a source, you must provide a proper citation and reference. Do not use extensive quotations. The only resource you cannot use is each other. The work you submit must be your own and except for cited quotations written in your own language. I will be using Turnitin software to detect plagiarism, so don’t plagiarize. Ever. Seriously. 1 Hebb thought that psychology was a biological science. He acknowledged that many problems addressed by psychology were social and clinical, but in the end, psychology should focus on understanding humans as animals. What is psychology? Provide your own definition and explain in detail why you agree or disagree with Hebb. Please do not answer this question by saying “I agree with Hebb because he was a smart guy.” 2 Chalmers and Dennett disagree on the concept of consciousness. Chalmers begins his TED talk by describing a movie theater in our heads where we watch sensory information on a screen and listen to sounds on speakers. Watch the video of the talk in the Midterm module. This is what Ryle called the “Cartesian theater.” It is based on the idea described by Descartes that there is a mind-body dichotomy. Is this a valid view of consciousness, or, as Dennett describes it, is the Cartesian theater a “trick” created by the brain? If you haven’t already, watch the Dennett TED talk (also in the Midterm module). Summarize the arguments presented by Chalmers and Dennett and discuss why you agree with one or the other. 3 Many consider William James a father or even the father of psychology. One possible reason for his status is that he moved psychology away from philosophy. But he retained elements of philosophy in his perspective on psychology. What elements of philosophy were part of James’ world view? Is psychology today distinctly different from philosophy? Is there still a role for phenomenology in psychology? 4 Trace the history of studies investigating how the brain works. Provide brief descriptions of phrenology, lesion studies, electrical stimulation of the brain, and split-brain studies. How did each of these contribute to our current understanding of neuropsychology? 5 Descartes thought that animals were “flesh and blood machines” that operated purely on instinct and did not have a soul. But he advocated for animal research to better understand human physiology. Beach argued that the study of animal behavior was a valid way to understand human behavior. Are there sufficient similarities between human and animal behavior to warrant the study of comparative psychology? Contrast the differing views of Descartes and Beach on instinct and the value of studying behavior in non-human animals.