BURNS ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THE DEPTH OF INJURY. DEFINE THE STRUCTURES AFFECTED IN THE FOLLOWING BURNS CLASSIFICATIONS.a) Burns are classified according to the depth of injury. Define the structuresaffected in the following burns classifications:i. first degree burns (2 marks)ii. second degree burns (2 marks)iii. third degree burns (2 marks)iv. fourth degree burns. (2 marks)b) Summarise the important pathophysiological features of:i. early burn injury and burn shock (7 marks)ii. smoke inhalation. (5 marks)c) Briefly describe treatment for a horse that has extensive second degree burns onits flanks and chest. (7.5 marks)d) List the factors associated with a poor prognosis in association with burns andsmoke inhalation. (2.5 marks)Continued over pageEquine Medicine Paper 2 Page 3 of 82. Electrolyte abnormalities are common in severely ill horses and foals. For each of thesituations listed below, describe:? pathophysiologic mechanism of the electrolyte abnormality? clinical manifestations of the electrolyte abnormality? principles of treatment.a) Hyponatraemia (sodium 113 mmol/L, ref 140–150 mmol/L) due to severeenteritis in a neonatal foal. (10 marks)b) Hypocalcaemia (ionised calcium 0.6 mmol/L, ref 1.3–1.4 mmol/L) in a 14-yearoldpost parturient Thoroughbred broodmare. (10 marks)c) Hyperkalaemia (potassium 8.0 mmol/L, ref 3.5–5.1 mmol/L) in a three-day-oldcolt foal diagnosed with ruptured bladder. (10 marks)3. A three-year-old Thoroughbred mare is presented to you with inappetance, fever,lymphadenopathy and scant nasal discharge suggestive of Streptococcus equi var equi(strangles) infection. Three weeks ago the mare was introduced onto an agistmentfarm of approximately 20 mature horses.Answer all parts of this question:a) Discuss in detail the diagnostic tests for Streptococcus equi var equi. Include inyour answer indications for use, sensitivity and specificity of the test, advantagesand disadvantages of use. (12 marks)b) Discuss treatment of Streptococcus equi infection in the index case. (3 marks)c) Describe in detail biosecurity recommendations for management of a stranglesoutbreak on the above farm, including screening and treatment of carriers.(10 marks)d) List ten (10) potential complications of strangles infection. (5 marks)